Massive integration of non-dispatchable energy into electric power systems is a challenging task. Electric power systems are becoming increasingly vulnerable in terms of frequency stability, as renewable energy displaces conventional synchronous generation from the energy mix. For this reason, grid codes are starting to demand different ancillary services from renewable generators, such as frequency control. In contrast to wind generators, which can deliver to the grid part of the kinetic energy stored in their rotating mass, photovoltaic generators must provide this service using batteries or power curtailment methods. The latter approach is preferable regarding the initial investment and its implementation cost, and several methods have been presented in the literature for this purpose. However, there is no consensus in which is the most appropriate side for operating the photovoltaic system in the curtailed mode. As both possible options have advantages and drawbacks, this paper proposes a novel photovoltaic power curtailment strategy that allows operation on both sides of the power-voltage curve depending on the needs. Moreover, in order to estimate the output characteristic of the photovoltaic system, a real-time nonlinear least squares curve fitting is applied. The proposed methodology has been tested in a simulation environment and the results show that this strategy achieves the requested active power reserves, regardless of the operation side.
Massive integration of non-dispatchable energy into electric power systems is a challenging task. Electric power systems are becoming increasingly vulnerable in terms of frequency stability, as renewable energy displaces conventional synchronous generation from the energy mix. For this reason, grid codes are starting to demand different ancillary services from renewable generators, such as frequency control. In contrast to wind generators, which can deliver to the grid part of the kinetic energy stored in their rotating mass, photovoltaic generators must provide this service using batteries or power curtailment methods. The latter approach is preferable regarding the initial investment and its implementation cost, and several methods have been presented in the literature for this purpose. However, there is no consensus in which is the most appropriate side for operating the photovoltaic system in the curtailed mode. As both possible options have advantages and drawbacks, this paper proposes a novel photovoltaic power curtailment strategy that allows operation on both sides of the power-voltage curve depending on the needs. Moreover, in order to estimate the output characteristic of the photovoltaic system, a real-time nonlinear least squares curve fitting is applied. The proposed methodology has been tested in a simulation environment and the results show that this strategy achieves the requested active power reserves, regardless of the operation side. Read More
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